Haskell is a statically typed language with a powerful type system. To understand how types are constructed and related, we need to look beyond types themselves to a higher level of abstraction: kinds. Kinds describe the “types of types” and are essential for understanding features like polymorphism and higher-kinded types. This article dives into the…

In Haskell, the term “thunk” is fundamental to understanding how the language’s lazy evaluation model works. Thunks are what allow Haskell to defer computations until their results are actually needed. While they provide significant benefits, such as avoiding unnecessary computations and enabling infinite data structures, they can also lead to inefficiencies and issues like space…

Monoids are a fundamental concept in Haskell, often used in functional programming to model and work with combining operations. They provide a simple and elegant way to represent values that can be combined together in an associative manner, along with a neutral “identity” element. In this article, we’ll explore what monoids are, how they work…

Haskell provides several ways to define custom types, including data, type, and newtype. Among these, the newtype keyword offers a lightweight way to create a new type that wraps an existing type. While it might seem similar to data or type at first glance, newtype has unique properties that make it both efficient and useful…

Applicative functors, or simply Applicatives, are a fundamental concept in Haskell that bridge the gap between Functors and Monads. Applicative functors allow us to apply functions wrapped in a context (like Maybe, List, or IO) to values that are also wrapped in a context. They add a layer of flexibility to functional programming in Haskell,…

In Haskell, tree structures are a powerful way to organize hierarchical data, enabling efficient storage, retrieval, and manipulation of elements. Among tree structures, binary trees and especially binary search trees (BSTs) are widely used for their efficiency in operations like searching, inserting, and deleting data. This article will explain the basics of tree structures in…