MPC wallets (Multi-Party Computation wallets) are a type of cryptocurrency wallet that use advanced cryptographic techniques to secure user assets by distributing the control and management of a private key among multiple parties. Unlike traditional wallets where a single private key is stored and used to authorize transactions, MPC wallets split the cryptographic secret (private…

Static typed languages are programming languages in which the type of a variable is known and checked at compile time rather than at runtime. This means that variables must be explicitly declared with a specific data type (e.g., integer, string, boolean) before they are used. If there are type mismatches or errors, they are detected…

Polymorphism is a concept in programming and type theory where a function, variable, or data type can operate on different data types while maintaining a consistent interface. Essentially, it allows one piece of code to be used for different types of inputs, increasing code flexibility and reusability. In simple terms, polymorphism allows functions or types…

Untyped Plutus Core (UPLC) is a low-level, intermediate representation of smart contracts on the Cardano blockchain. It is the core language used by the Plutus Platform, which enables the creation and execution of smart contracts on Cardano. Untyped Plutus Core is designed to be a minimal, well-defined language that serves as a bridge between high-level…

In the Cardano ecosystem, derivations refer to the process of generating cryptographic keys (public and private keys) and addresses from a single master seed or key using Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) wallet principles. These derivations are based on established standards that allow for the structured and secure generation of key pairs and addresses, ensuring that users…

HD (Hierarchical Deterministic) wallets are a type of cryptocurrency wallet that allows users to generate an entire tree of cryptographic key pairs (public and private keys) from a single seed. This seed is typically represented as a 12-24 word mnemonic phrase and provides the user with the ability to restore all associated addresses and keys…

Rollups are a Layer-2 scaling solution that already enhance Cardano’s transaction throughput by executing transactions off-chain while still maintaining on-chain security through cryptographic proofs. They allow for a much higher volume of transactions to be processed efficiently, reducing both the load on the main blockchain and transaction costs, while preserving the security and decentralization of…

Validiums are a type of Layer-2 scaling solution similar to rollups, but with a key distinction: while rollups store data on-chain, Validiums store data off-chain, allowing for even greater scalability without putting a strain on the main blockchain. This approach combines the benefits of off-chain data storage with on-chain verification, improving throughput while still ensuring…

A Small-Step Semantics system, also known as Operational Semantics, is a formal approach used to describe the behavior of programming languages by breaking down the execution of a program into small, incremental steps. In this system, each small step represents a basic operation or transition from one state of the program to the next, describing…

An expressive type system in programming refers to a type system that provides rich and detailed ways of classifying and describing the data within a program. It goes beyond basic type checking (such as ensuring that variables are of the correct type) and allows for more nuanced types that can encode additional constraints, behaviors, or…