Slashing in blockchain refers to a mechanism used in Proof of Stake (PoS) and other consensus protocols to penalize validators (nodes) for malicious or negligent behavior. It involves confiscating a portion or all of the stake (cryptocurrency) that the validator has locked up as collateral. The purpose of slashing is to discourage misbehavior, enhance network…

Synchronous and Asynchronous systems refer to two different types of computing or communication environments, particularly in distributed systems, where multiple computers (or nodes) work together to achieve a common task, such as reaching consensus on data. 1. Synchronous Systems In a synchronous system, there is a known upper bound on how long it will take…

Pseudo-randomness refers to the generation of numbers or values that appear random but are produced by a deterministic process, typically through algorithms. These algorithms, called pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs), use a seed value to generate sequences of numbers that seem random but are reproducible if the seed is known. While truly random processes rely on…

Hashing power (also called hash rate) refers to the computational power used by a network of computers (often referred to as nodes or miners) to solve complex mathematical problems involved in validating and adding transactions to a blockchain. The higher the hashing power, the more computational resources are being used, and the more secure the…

The Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP) is a fundamental mathematical challenge that underpins the security of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). It is the elliptic curve analog of the discrete logarithm problem used in other cryptographic systems like Diffie-Hellman and DSA. Definition: Given a point P on an elliptic curve and another point Q which…

Decentralized Identity (DID) refers to a concept and technology that allows individuals or organizations to have control over their digital identities without relying on a centralized authority. It leverages blockchain and other decentralized technologies to enable secure, self-sovereign identity management, giving users ownership of their personal data and how it is shared with others. Key…

Schnorr’s signature is a type of digital signature scheme used in cryptography, known for its simplicity, efficiency, and strong security properties. It was invented by Claus-Peter Schnorr and is based on the hardness of the discrete logarithm problem, making it both fast and secure for certain cryptographic operations. Key Features: How it works: Schnorr’s signature…

Hot storage and cold storage are terms used to describe different methods of storing cryptocurrencies, primarily based on whether the wallet is connected to the internet or not. Each has different security implications, with hot storage being more convenient but potentially riskier, and cold storage being much more secure but less accessible. Hot Storage Hot…

A non-custodial wallet is a type of cryptocurrency wallet where the user has full control over their private keys and, therefore, complete ownership of their funds. Unlike a custodial wallet, where a third party holds and manages the private keys (such as an exchange or service provider), a non-custodial wallet puts the responsibility of security…